Last of two parts Starting with the very outset of debt records c. 2500 BCE in Sumer, and continuing down through Babylonia, Assyria, to their neighbo...
By Michael Hudson First of two parts The late 19th century saw economists, mainly German and Austrian, create a mythology of money’s origins that is s...
(Last of two parts) Monetization of Exchange Between the Rural and Urban Centers Money evolved as part of the valuation dimension of exchange. Anthrop...
By Michael Hudson (First of two parts) Archaeologist and scholar Giorgio Buccellati’s book At the Origins of Politics describes how Mesopotamia’s urba...
By Carole Crumley Hierarchies are a familiar form of human organization where individuals and groups of high social status are ranked above others and...
The sight and sound of a bumblebee or a honey bee buzzing from flower to flower in an alpine meadow or a roadside planting is calming to many, yet it ...
Birdsongs have inspired poets and lovers, becoming one of the philosophical focal points in ancient Greece and Rome. They have also led to several lon...
Power in human societies is often viewed as hierarchical, meaning that it’s tiered and ranked. This view doesn’t fully capture the complexity of how p...
How do we organize elements in a system? One way is through the lens of hierarchy, which presupposes levels, a top-down ranking of elements. Another i...
