By Herman M. Lagon

A mid-career teacher arrives at a graduate class already tired. When it begins with a long lecture and a recall-based exam, people listen and nod—but the energy never really arrives. The same teacher, a week later, joins a different class where the session begins with a case pulled from a local school, a budget constraint everyone recognizes, and a question that asks what they would do tomorrow. The room wakes up. Pens move. Stories surface. The difference is not intelligence or motivation. It is fit. This everyday contrast sits at the heart of the long-running debate over pedagogy and andragogy in higher education.

Pedagogy, in its classic sense, grew from schooling systems designed for children who needed structure, sequence, and direction. The teacher organized content, set the pace, and assessed progress, often through standardized measures. In many contexts, this still works. A Grade 3 class learning fractions benefits from careful scaffolding. A first-year college student encountering academic writing for the first time often needs explicit modeling. Structure can be humane. Andragogy comes from observing adults who arrive with experience and responsibilities already in place. As Adult Learning Theorist Malcolm Knowles noted, adults learn best when learning is relevant and problem-centered. It’s not about loosening standards, but about moving from control to partnership.

What we often forget is that universities teach both children and adults at the same time. On our campuses, an 18-year-old freshman may sit beside a 42-year-old school head finishing a master’s degree. Practice doesn’t fit neat labels. Some learners need structure; others thrive with freedom. The real question is not what term to use, but when to adjust the balance so learning truly works.

Consider a familiar local scene: a professional development seminar required by policy, scheduled on a Saturday, delivered through slides borrowed from a national template. Attendance is perfect. Engagement is not. Participants scroll phones, whisper, and wait for the certificate. Good content can still miss the room. Learning changes when workshops begin with real problems—like reading losses after floods—and help teachers make sense of what happened, guided by research. The same adults who tuned out the week before now debate strategies with urgency. The difference is not personality. It is orientation. Adults respond when learning respects their experience and addresses problems they recognize.

Critics rightly note that not all adults are naturally self-directed. Anyone who has seen a colleague struggle with new software knows guidance still matters. Andragogy doesn’t remove structure—it reframes it. Clear goals, fair rubrics, and timely feedback remain essential; what changes is the path. Adults follow more willingly when they see where learning leads and why it matters.

Higher education today adds another layer. Many courses are hybrid or fully online, compressing time and magnifying choices. A working parent logging in after dinner needs clarity and flexibility. Short videos, practical tasks, and peer discussion often travel better than hour-long monologues. At the same time, online spaces can feel isolating without strong design. The best courses mix structure with flexibility—steady schedules, meaningful choices, and assessments that ask for use, not recall. The method adjusts to the learner, not the reverse.

Language complicates matters. Outside education circles, pedagogy is the word people recognize. Andragogy, though precise, can sound arcane or pedantic. Many faculty choose the familiar term to avoid a side debate that steals oxygen from teaching itself. This is not ignorance. It is pragmatism. Words are tools, not trophies. If a term clarifies thinking among trained colleagues, use it. If it confuses a room, choose plainer language. What matters is whether teaching fits the learner’s situation. Too often, the debate is about words, not classrooms, while teachers focus on what actually helps students learn.

Research agrees. Learning improves when lessons connect to experience, allow practice, and provide feedback—young or old. Adult learning studies add that relevance, autonomy, and respect for experience increase engagement and persistence. The overlap is larger than the divide. Where they differ is emphasis. Children often need help discovering why learning matters. Adults usually bring their why with them. Good teaching meets learners where they are, then nudges them forward with care.

Local classrooms provide vivid proof. A graduate statistics course that begins with formulas alone can lose learners and teachers who are anxious about math. The same course, reframed around analyzing their own school data, often transforms apprehension into competence. A literature class that invites adult learners to connect texts to community issues can unlock insights that no quiz would reveal. These are not radical innovations. They are adjustments rooted in attention. They reflect a quiet ethic familiar to many educators: pause, observe, choose what serves the person in front of you, then act with intention. The practice is reflective without being religious, disciplined without being rigid.

There is also a civic dimension. Universities shape how professionals think about authority and participation. A classroom that models respect, dialogue, and accountability prepares learners for workplaces and communities that need the same qualities. When adults are treated as capable partners, they tend to act like it. When they are managed like children, compliance replaces commitment. This is not a moral claim. It is an empirical one, visible in attendance, persistence, and the quality of work produced.

The closing lesson is modest and demanding at once. Pedagogy and andragogy are not enemies. They are lenses. Each sharpens certain features and blurs others. Effective higher education keeps both at hand, switching as learners move from novice to practitioner, from uncertainty to confidence. The goal is not to win a terminology contest, but to design learning that respects time, experience, and purpose. When classrooms do that, adults do not need to be told to engage. They already are.

***

Doc H fondly describes himself as a “student of and for life” who, like many others, aspires to a life-giving and why-driven world grounded in social justice and the pursuit of happiness. His views do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions he is employed or connected with.

Dr. Rex Casiple

All Columns