Migration and the COVID-19 pandemic: Hard lessons two years on for OFWs, their homeland

By Jeremaiah M. Opiniano

Institute for Migration and Development Issues

In a few weeks, the Philippines enters a new era of managing the overseas exodus of Filipinos. Come April 3, the Department of Migrant Workers begins its operation by making baby steps to transition itself into a full-fledged department within a one-to-two-year period.

And even if this new department may be able to reduce the number of overlapping programs and services for overseas Filipino workers and their families, moving forward from the running COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a top policy priority. The Philippines, her economy and her people would like to move forward from the time —March 15, 2020— when President Rodrigo Duterte declared the first hard lockdown.

The droves of OFW return migrations and repatriations marked the past two years. Just over a million OFWs have returned home. They got fired abroad. Their expiring contracts were also not renewed. Some who are still working abroad earned lesser salaries. If migrant workers were working in essential services, lockdowns in host countries diminished their work hours and their paychecks. OFWs also feared for their health, sanity and safety. In some host countries, irregular migrant workers were prohibited from receiving salary subsidies from host countries when lockdowns cause business closures.

These experiences by returnee, repatriated and even deported OFWs all but prompted the Philippine government to employ a whole-of-government approach for these returnee OFWs. OFWs’ economic and social reintegration suddenly the new policy pivot of the country’s migration management program.

As mentioned earlier, government has deployed multiple agencies to help returnee OFWs. The IATF (Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases) even designated multiple agencies, including the Bureaus of Quarantine and Immigration, to manage the return of overseas Filipinos, not just OFWs. Yet migrant reintegration is the prevailing policy priority, especially since COVID-19 surges still hamper host countries.

In the past two years, how has government served returnees? Government data compiled by the nonprofit Institute for Migration and Development Issues (IMDI) can provide answers, covering the first two years of the pandemic (March 15, 2020 to March 14, 2022).

Not surprisingly, there were more overseas Filipinos who returned home during year 2 of the pandemic: 1,457,757 (versus 938,082 in year 1). The same trend can be seen from land- and sea-based migrant workers or OFWs: 1,001,116 in year 2 versus 759,733 in year 1. The data came from daily monitoring reports by National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRMMC), secretariat of IATF’s Sub Task Group on the Management of Returning Overseas Filipinos. Year 2 was marked by surges induced by the alpha, delta and omicron variants.

In terms of overseas Filipinos reported to have contracted SARS-CoV-2, surprisingly the numbers in year 2 (N=9,235) were less than in year 1 (N=15,881). This dataset comes from the Foreign Affairs department through the embassies and consulates abroad, which followed a standard reporting format by the World Health Organization (WHO). But these totals may be underestimated.

For the returnees OFWs or migrant workers, five government agencies (including three government financial institutions) opened entrepreneurial loan facilities. Combining the total OFW borrowers from these five agencies, a combined total of only 2,550 returnee OFWs got those loans in the past two years. This trend may reflect that cash-strapped returnees may not be financially capable to borrow money to run enterprises while lockdowns and limited mobility do not spur face-to-face customer traffic.

Cash aid for returnee OFWs proved helpful, even if no amount of government-provided cash aid for pandemic-affected Filipinos will ever be enough. A prominent cash aid program is the Labor department’s Abot Kamay ang Pagtulong (AKAP) program: about 540,876 returnee and current OFWs got P10,000 or US$200 after being displaced due to the pandemic. Three OWWA programs for displaced and distressed returnee OFWs (including domestic workers and teachers) helped a total of 33,565 returnees. AKAP handed over some P5.4 billion, while the three OWWA cash aid programs for distressed returnees handed over some P323.25 million.

A visible number of OFWs and their dependents took advantage of getting further skills training while they are back home. These skills upgrading efforts give chances for returnees to return overseas for work in the future. In the past two years, the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority’s Online Program (TOP) had served 72,476 OFWs and their dependents. TESDA even has the TESDA Abot Lahat ang OFWs program: nearly 27,000 have enrolled in face-to-face and online voc-tech courses, and 9,508 enrollees have received their national certifications (NCs).

And for many returnees, they would want to return for work abroad. But the border closures and travel restrictions significantly dipped the number of deployed OFWs, both newhires and rehires. In 2020, only 549,841 OFWs were deployed. A year later (at least until end-November 2021), the deployment numbers went up to 675,567 —signaling the re-opening of some countries’ labor markets and the return to operations by some ocean-plying vessels (especially cruise ships). The all-time high migrant worker deployment figure was achieved in 2019: 2,156,742.

These numbers, however, may point to bigger pictures surrounding the reintegration of returnee OFWs. The desire of many returnees is to bring themselves back to their overseas jobs and their salary levels, with an 8,332 survey by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) Philippines office confirming that 48 percent of surveyed returnees planning to re-migrate. Pandemic-induced financial pressures and being accustomed to a somewhat better family financial condition can explain why many returnee OFWs want to “return” to their overseas work stations.

Government continues to offer reintegration programs and services, though re-migration may have to be one of those pathways. A forthcoming online service funded by the United Nations family in the Philippines, the OFW Reintegration Advisor, will provide six pathways for returnees’ plans. There’s employment back home, skills training, entrepreneurial or investment activities, assistance for trafficking and labor / gender abuse victims, retirement, and re-migration. Should the global situation normalize and countries’ labor markets re-open, government may have no choice but to ensure that re-migrating OFWs go to safer workplaces and friendlier foreign employers.

Admittedly the number of returnees who availed of entrepreneurial loans —2,550— may come as a dampener especially when we compare that total with the over-one million returnees. But the IOM survey just confirms such trend: about 46 percent of returnees IOM surveyed did not access or register government-provided reintegration assistance. AKAP may be more enticing since the P10,000 / US$200 is a grant, but borrowing money to earn a living during these times may be challenging for returnees (especially those lacking business skills). These returnees may think that overseas earnings will resolve their current-day economic challenges, even if borders remain closed for many countries.

Surprisingly, the skills training programs of TESDA and OWWA came out as relevant for over a hundred thousand OFWs and their dependents. Yet do not be surprised if these skills upgrading measures se OFWs’ sights on getting (re-)deployed abroad when situations normalize, or when some countries’ labor markets re-open.

Unless borders re-open and countries’ labor markets clamor for many foreign workers, pre-pandemic labor migration levels will not return immediately for the Philippines. Reintegration measures will thus remain a priority, that which the Department of Migrant Workers will expectedly put in the forefront. The forthcoming OFW Reintegration Advisor online facility may perhaps have to continue providing returnees with options with what to do (including re-migration).

In the end, the COVID-19 pandemic taught hard lessons to our overseas Filipino workers and their families (perhaps even to permanent residents and naturalized citizens abroad). Lessons such as practicing productive financial habits (e.g., investing, saving as a habit), setting up goals for the OFW’s eventual return home, and even living by one’s means, may be daily tools for (returnee) OFWs and their families to move forward from this raging COVID-19 pandemic.

The Institute for Migration and Development Issues is a nonprofit thinktank doing policy research, databanking and social commentaries on migration and development issues in the Philippines. Email: ofw_philanthropy@yahoo.com

Table:   Returnee overseas Filipinos and assisted returnee migrant workers given the pandemic

	Profiles of returning overseas Filipinos, including overseas Filipino workers (OFWs)
	Confirmed COVD-19 cases among overseas Filipinos (reported from Philippine embassies and consulates using guidelines under the WHO’s International Health Regulations)		(running totals)	Year 1 of the pandemic (as of 15 Mar. 2021)	Year 2 of the pandemic (as of 28 Feb. 2022)
			Number of cases	15,881	25,116
			Deaths	1,043	1,462
			Countries with cases	88	107
	Number of returning overseas Filipinos (including OFWs) received by the Task Sub-Group on the Management of Returning Overseas Filipinos		(running totals)	Year 1 of the pandemic (as of 14 Mar. 2021)	Year 2 of the pandemic (as of 14 Mar. 2022)
			OFWs	759,733	1,760,849
			– Land-based	446,524	1,054,761
			– Sea-based	313,209	706,088
			Non-OFWs (including permanent residents and vacationing overseas Filipinos)	175,402	570,865
			Deceased OFWs	2,947	6,027
			– Covid-19 deaths	409	636
			– Non Covid-19 deaths	2,538	5,391
	Assistance rendered to returnee OFWs – Agencies Outside of the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
	Number of OFWs repatriated and returned (cumulative)		As of end-2020: 418,932 As of January 28, 2022: 901,605
	Borrowers to the OFW Reintegration Program loan facility of Landbank of the Philippines and OWWA		May 2011 to May 2021, cumulative: 1,297 borrowers (P1.89 billion worth of loans) March 15, 2020 to May 31, 2021: 176 borrowers (P219 million)
	Borrowers to the Helping the Economy Recover thru OFW Enterprise Start-ups (HEROES) of the Small Business Corp.		As of end-2021: 903 repatriated OFWs (P50.83 million in loans released)
	Borrowers to the Agri-Negosyo Loan Program (ANYO) of the Agricultural Credit Policy Council (ACPC)		As of end-2021: 108 borrowers for agri-businesses that are mostly for poultry, hog raising and aquaculture (over-P39 million in loans released)
	Beneficiaries of free online courses by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority through the TESDA Online Program or TOP (with 115 courses) and the TESDA Abot Lahat ang OFWs program (a sub-set of the TOP) (cumulative)		Enrollees to online courses under TOP (end-2021): ·         All Filipinos: 961,151 ·         OFWs and their dependents: 72,476   OFW beneficiaries of TESDA Abot Lahat ang OFWs program (end-2021), both online and offline: ·         Enrollees: 26,989 ·         Graduates: 25,579 ·         Assessed graduates: 10,066 ·         Recipients of national certifications (NCs): 9,508
	Borrowers for the Department of Science and Technology’s (DOST) Innovations for Filipinos Working Distantly (iFWD) program to establish technology-based enterprises		·         2020 trainees (Phase 1): 59 ·         2021 trainees (Phase 2): 205 ·         Total who have borrowed from the iFWD:          21 OFW enterprises (mostly sole proprietors)

Table:   Returnee overseas Filipinos and assisted returnee migrant workers given the pandemic (continued)

 

		Assistance rendered to returnee OFWs – Provided by the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
						2020	2021 (end-Oct)		Amount utilized
	Training and scholarship grants
	·   Technical / Vocational
–	–   Skills for Employment Scholarship Program (SESP)					1,661	1,604		P 12.58 million
–	–   Seafarers’ Upgrading Program					3,996	3,970		P 19.86 million
–	–   Information Technology Training Program or ITTP (done both in the Philippines, on-site / foreign country)					9,613	5,573		P 9.69 million
	·   Baccalaureate Courses
–	–   Education for Development Scholarship Program (EDSP)					2,618	3,972		P 148.69 million
–	–   OFW Dependents Scholarship Program (ODSP)					5,335	8,590		P 108.97 million
–	–   Education and Livelihood Assistance Program					5,773	7,757		P 52.01 million
–	–   Educational Assistance for Scholarship Emergencies (EASE)					1,960	8,371		P 43.85 million
	–  Project Alalay sa Pag-aaral (PAP; Aid while Studying)					566	850		P 17 million
	Reintegration program
	·   Balik Pinas, Balik Hanapbuhay (BPBH) [for displaced migrant workers, male and female]					15,097	14,997		P 283.21 million
	·   Education and Livelihood Assistance Program (ELAP)					509	657		P 14.39 million
	·   Entrepreneurial Development and Loan Program (EDLP)					–	1,342		P 137.99 million
	·   Balik Pinay! Balik Hanapbuhay (BPBH) [for distressed women migrant workers]					1,421	477		P 6.46 million
	·   Financial Awareness Seminar / Small Business Management Training (FAS / SBMT)					3,131	2,588		—
	·   Sa Pinas, Ikaw ang Ma’am at Sir (SPIMS) Program [for teachers]					685	888		P 33.58 million
	Some COVID-19 response efforts for returnee OFWs
	Abot Kamay ang Pagtulong (AKAP) cash aid program of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), with each returnee receiving P10,000 / US$200 each (cumulative)					End-2020: 460,471	End-2021: 540,876		P 5.40 billion
	TABANG OFW (a tertiary education subsidy program for dependents of repatriated OFWs)					3,840	17,461		—
	Uwian Na Program: Collective Assistance and Restoration for Emergency (CARE)					367,287	374,534		—
	Overseas employment during the COVID-19 pandemic
	Deployed overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), both land- and sea-based					End-2020:   549,841	Jan. to Nov. 2021, 675,567

 

Sources: Documentary data from various reports and news releases from government agencies

Packaged by the Institute for Migration and Development Issues (IMDI)